The phase 3 COMMODORE trial evaluated gilteritinib versus salvage chemotherapy (SC) in a predominantly Asian relapsed/refractory (R/R) FLT3-mutated (FLT3(mut+)) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient population. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); secondary endpoints included event-free survival (EFS) and complete remission (CR) rate. As of June 30, 2020 (interim analysis: 32.2 months after study initiation), 234 patients were randomized (gilteritinib, n = 116; SC, n = 118). Median OS was significantly longer with gilteritinib versus SC (9.6 vs. 5.0 months; HR 0.566 [95% CI: 0.392, 0.818]; p = 0.00211) with a median follow-up of 10.3 months. Median EFS was also significantly longer with gilteritinib (2.8 vs. 0.6 months; HR 0.551 [95% CI: 0.395, 0.769]; p = 0.00004). CR rates with gilteritinib and SC were 16.4% and 10.2%, respectively; composite CR rates were 50.0% and 20.3%, respectively. Exposure-adjusted grade >= 3 adverse event (AE) rates were lower with gilteritinib (58.38 events/patient-year [E/PY]) versus SC (168.30 E/PY). Common AEs with gilteritinib were anemia (77.9%) and thrombocytopenia (45.1%). Gilteritinib plasma concentration peaked similar to 4 h postdose; similar to 3-fold accumulation occurred with multiple dosing. The COMMODORE trial demonstrated that gilteritinib significantly improved OS and EFS in predominantly Asian patients, validating the outcomes of gilteritinib from the ADMIRAL trial in R/R FLT3(mut+) AML.