机构：[1]Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[2]Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[3]Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[4]Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.[5]Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.[6]The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[7]Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[8]Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.[9]Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[10]Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, The Philippines.[11]Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea.[12]Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal.[13]College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.[14]School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.[15]School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.[16]Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.[17]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.[18]School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.[19]Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.[20]Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[21]James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.[22]Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.[23]Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.[24]Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.[25]Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA.[26]Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia.[27]School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.[28]Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.[29]Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.[30]Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.[31]Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.[32]Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[33]Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[34]Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.[35]International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.[36]Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.[37]Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.[38]Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.[39]Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.[40]King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[41]Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.[42]Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.[43]Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.[44]Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.[45]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines.[46]Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.[47]Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.[48]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.[49]Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine-Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[50]Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines.[51]Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.[52]Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[53]School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.[54]School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.[55]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.[56]School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.[57]Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[58]Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[59]Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[60]Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[61]Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[62]Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.[63]Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[64]Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.[65]Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, India.[66]The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[67]General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru.[68]Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.[69]Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran.[70]Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[71]Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[72]Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.[73]Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.[74]Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran.[75]School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[76]Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.[77]Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.[78]Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.[79]Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.[80]Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[81]Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.[82]Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India.[83]Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.[84]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.[85]Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.[86]Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[87]School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.[88]Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.[89]Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.[90]Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.[91]London School of Hygiene &[92] Tropical Medicine, London, UK.[92]Nepal Academy of Science &[94] Technology, Patan, Nepal.[93]The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[94]Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.[95]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.[96]Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.[97]Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.[98]Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.[99]Neuroscience Department, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama.[100]Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama.[101]Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.[102]Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Bangalore, India.[103]Department for Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.[104]School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[105]Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[106]Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.[107]Global Ehealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.[108]Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico.[109]Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.[110]Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.[111]Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[112]School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.[113]Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.[114]Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.[115]Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.[116]Department of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.[117]Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.[118]Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.[119]Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India.[120]School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.[121]Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.[122]Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[123]Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.[124]Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital St Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania.[125]Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.[126]Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.[127]School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.[128]Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[129]School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[130]Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.[131]Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.[132]Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.[133]Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.[134]Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.[135]Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.[136]Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.[137]Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico.[138]Department of Health Policy and Economy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[139]School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.[140]Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil.[141]Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[142]Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.[143]Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.[144]Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[145]Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.[146]National Institute for Health Researchers, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[147]Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.[148]Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.[149]Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.[150]Preventive Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.[151]Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.[152]Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.[153]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.[154]Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[155]Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.[156]Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.[157]College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[158]Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[159]Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil.[160]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.[161]Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[162]Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.[163]Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.[164]Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.[165]Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.[166]Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal.[167]Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA.[168]Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.[169]Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.[170]Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.[171]Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.[172]Clinical Medicine and Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.[173]Gene Expression &[176] Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), Philadelphia, PA, USA.[174]Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.[175]Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.[176]Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[177]Dr Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[178]Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.[179]School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[180]Nursing Department, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.[181]Vaccines Department, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA, USA.[182]Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France.[183]Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.[184]Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.[185]Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[186]Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[187]Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.[188]Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.[189]School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.[190]Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.[191]REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal.[192]Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.[193]Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.[194]Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia.[195]Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy.[196]Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.[197]Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.[198]Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK.[199]School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.[200]School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[201]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.[202]Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[203]Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[204]Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.[205]Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China.[206]School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[207]Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[208]Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.[209]Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain.[210]School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[211]Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.[212]Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[213]Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.[214]School of Nursing and Midwifery Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[215]Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran.[216]Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia.[217]Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.[218]School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.[219]Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[220]Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[221]Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.[222]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.[223]Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.[224]Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[225]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.[226]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[227]Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.[228]Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.[229]Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.[230]Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.[231]Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.[232]Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, Doha, Qatar.[233]Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia.[234]Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.[235]Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.[236]Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.[237]Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[238]MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.[239]Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.[240]Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.[241]Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[242]Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.[243]Psychosis Department, Babol Nushirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.[244]Psychiatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[245]Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[246]Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.[247]Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.[248]School of Midwifery, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.[249]Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.[250]Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Atlantis, FL, USA.[251]Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.[252]Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.研究所眼科研究所首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院首都医科大学附属同仁医院[253]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[254]Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.[255]Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.[256]Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[257]Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[258]Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[259]Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.[260]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.[261]Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.[262]Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[263]School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[264]Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[265]Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[266]Department of Anesthesiology &[270] Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[267]Odel Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.[268]Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.[269]Tabriz Health Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[270]National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[271]Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan.[272]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.[273]Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.[274]Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.[275]Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA.[276]Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.[277]Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.[278]Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.[279]Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.[280]Department of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA.[281]Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.[282]Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.[283]Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.[284]Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[285]Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA.[286]School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[287]School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.[288]Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA.[289]Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.[290]Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.[291]Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.[292]Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.[293]Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia.[294]Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India.[295]CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain.[296]Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.[297]Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.[298]Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.[299]Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.[300]Psychology and Health Promotion, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.[301]Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.[302]Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK.[303]International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.[304]Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.[305]Nursing, St John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana.[306]Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.[307]Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford, UK.[308]Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.[309]Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq.[310]Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.[311]Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.[312]School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.[313]Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[314]Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China.[315]Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.[316]Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.[317]Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.[318]Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, The Philippines.[319]Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.[320]Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany.[321]Physiology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.[322]Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.[323]Department of Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt.[324]Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt.[325]Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[326]Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.[327]Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.[328]Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[329]Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[330]Department Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[331]Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.[332]Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[333]Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil.[334]Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.[335]Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[336]School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[337]Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.[338]Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.[339]Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene &[344] Tropical Medicine, London, UK.[340]Preventive Oncology Department, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India.[341]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.[342]Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru.[343]Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.[344]Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.[345]School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.[346]Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.[347]University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.[348]Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.[349]University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.[350]Pacific Institute for Research &[356] Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA.[351]Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.[352]Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.[353]Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India.[354]Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.[355]Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.[356]Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[357]Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.[358]Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.[359]Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[360]Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.[361]Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.[362]Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.[363]Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.[364]School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.[365]Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.[366]Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.[367]Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.[368]Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.[369]Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[370]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.[371]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.[372]Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[373]Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.[374]International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[375]Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.[376]Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[377]Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.[378]Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany.[379]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.[380]Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.[381]Department of Pediatrics &[388] Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother &[389] Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.[382]Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[383]Operating Room Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[384]Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India.[385]Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India.[386]Cancer Research Center of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[387]Department of Epidemiology &[396] Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[388]Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.[389]Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.[390]Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.[391]General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.[392]Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.[393]Department of Cardiology, Cardio-aid, Bucharest, Romania.[394]Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.[395]Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.[396]Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.[397]Global Health Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[398]Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[399]State University of Semarang, Public Health Science Department, Kota Semarang, Indonesia.[400]Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.[401]Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[402]Public Health Science Department, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.[403]Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[404]University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[405]Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.[406]Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.[407]Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[408]Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana.[409]Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.[410]Center for the Aid Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) TB and HIV Pathogenesis Unit, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Durban, South Africa.[411]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.[412]Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.[413]Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran.[414]Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.[415]Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.[416]Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria.[417]Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.[418]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.[419]University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[420]Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.[421]Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.[422]School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.[423]Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.[424]Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.[425]Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.[426]Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.[427]Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.[428]Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia.[429]Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.[430]Department of Tb &[440] Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.[431]Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.[432]Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.[433]Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.[434]Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India.[435]Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India.[436]Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, The Philippines.[437]Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.[438]Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.[439]Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.[440]Parasitology and Entomology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.[441]National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.[442]Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.[443]Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.[444]Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.[445]Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.[446]College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.[447]Medichem, Barcelona, Spain.[448]Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[449]Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[450]Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[451]Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.[452]Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[453]Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[454]Department of Health Education &[465] Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[455]Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.[456]Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[457]Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[458]Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal.[459]Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea.[460]Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.[461]Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.[462]School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[463]Social Science and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.[464]School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.[465]Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[466]Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[467]Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.[468]EPIUnit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.[469]Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.[470]Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[471]Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.[472]Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.[473]Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.[474]Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.[475]Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.[476]School of Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Tena, Ecuador.[477]Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.深圳市康宁医院深圳医学信息中心[478]Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.[479]Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[480]Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[481]Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[482]Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.[483]Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.[484]Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[485]Department of Pathology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[486]School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[487]Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[488]Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[489]Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran.[490]Center for Health Policy &[502] Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.[491]Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.[492]Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.[493]Post-graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.[494]Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India.[495]PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India.[496]Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia.[497]Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &[510] Tropical Medicine, London, UK.[498]Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.[499]Faculty of Health &[513] Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.[500]School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.[501]Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.[502]Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[503]Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[504]Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.[505]Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.[506]School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.[507]Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.[508]Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.[509]Department of Laboratory Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.[510]Department of Basic Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.[511]HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.[512]Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[513]University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India.[514]Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.[515]Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.[516]National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.[517]Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.[518]Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.[519]Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.[520]Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.[521]Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India.[522]Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India.[523]Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark.[524]Medical Division, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[525]Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[526]Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[527]Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.[528]Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.[529]Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.[530]Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[531]Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia.[532]Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.[533]Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.[534]Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.[535]Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.[536]Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.[537]School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.[538]Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.[539]University Institute 'Egas Moniz', Monte Da Caparica, Portugal.[540]Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.[541]Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[542]College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[543]Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.[544]Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, USA.[545]Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University Kerala, Kasaragod, India.[546]Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.[547]School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[548]Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.[549]Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.[550]Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.[551]Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.[552]Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.[553]TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.[554]Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.[555]Department of Education and Health, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran.[556]Critical and Intensive Care Department, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran.[557]Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.[558]Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.[559]University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.[560]Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.[561]Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland.[562]Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.[563]Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.[564]Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.[565]Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.[566]Occupational Health Unit, Sant'orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.[567]Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.[568]Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.[569]Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.[570]Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[571]Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.[572]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.[573]Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.[574]Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.[575]Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[576]Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[577]School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.[578]Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.[579]Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.[580]Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.[581]Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.[582]Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[583]Zhejiang Spine Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.[584]School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.[585]Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.[586]Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.[587]Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.[588]Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.[589]Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.[590]Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.[591]Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.[592]Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.[593]Health Economics &[608] Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.[594]Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Peking, China.[595]Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[596]Medical Parasitology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.[597]Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.[598]Department of Health Management and Economics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran.[599]Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.[600]Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.[601]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.[602]Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.[603]Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[604]Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.[605]Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.[606]Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.[607]Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.[608]Department of Preventative Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.[609]School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.[610]Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.[611]Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. sihay@uw.edu.[612]Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. sihay@uw.edu.
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
第一作者机构：[1]Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
共同第一作者：
通讯作者：
通讯机构：[611]Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. sihay@uw.edu.[612]Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. sihay@uw.edu.
推荐引用方式(GB/T 7714)：
Burstein Roy,Henry Nathaniel J,Collison Michael L,et al.Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017.[J].NATURE.2019,574(7778):353-+.doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0.
APA：
Burstein Roy,Henry Nathaniel J,Collison Michael L,Marczak Laurie B,Sligar Amber...&Hay Simon I.(2019).Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017..NATURE,574,(7778)
MLA：
Burstein Roy,et al."Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017.".NATURE 574..7778(2019):353-+
综合性期刊