Objective This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of intravitreal conbercept injections with or without focal macular photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods This retrospective study included 60 DME patients (60 eyes) divided into two treatment groups. The conbercept group received monthly intravitreal injections for 5 consecutive sessions, while the combination therapy group received intravitreal injections and focal macular photocoagulation. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were observed before and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after treatment in both groups, along with the number of intravitreal conbercept injections administered. Results At 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment, both the conbercept and combined treatment groups showed improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and decrease in central macular thickness (CMT) compared to before treatment, with statistical significant differences (P <.05). However, the differences in BCVA and CMT between the two groups at each time point after treatment were not significant (P >.05). During the 1-year follow-up period, the mean number of injections in the combined treatment group was 6.3 +/- 0.8, which was less than that in the conbercept treatment group (7.6 +/- 0.9), with a significant difference (t = 5.556, P <.001). The incidence of subconjunctival hemorrhage was 10.9% and 10.5% in the two groups, respectively, with no significant inter-group difference (chi(2) = 0.013, P =.908). None of the patients exhibited serious treatment-related ocular and systemic complications during the treatment period. Conclusions Treatment of DME with intravitreal conbercept injections, whether with or without focal macular photocoagulation, is safe and effective in improving the patients' visual acuity and retinal anatomy. However, patients who receive combined treatment require fewer intravitreal injections than those who receive conbercept treatment alone.