Background: Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. However, it presents significant surgical challenges, leading to controversy over the feasibility and safety of minimally invasive surgery. This study aims to assess the adequacy of minimally invasive surgery and preoperatively predict its difficulty for non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy. Methods: Initial stage IIA-IIIB (excluding stage T4N2) non-small cell lung cancer patients with neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy undergoing minimally invasive surgery or open thoracotomy at 12 institutions between 2019 and 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Difficult minimally invasive surgery was defined by conversion to thoracotomy. Propensity score matching was applied to balance baseline characteristics. Results: Of the 571 cases included, propensity score matching led to 240 patients per group. Minimally invasive surgery decreased intraoperative bleeding, shortened postoperative chest tube duration and hospitalization, ameliorated postoperative pain, and reduced postoperative complications compared to open thoracotomy. Moreover, minimally invasive surgery had an acceptable conversion rate of 15.8%, and notably, converted minimally invasive surgery achieved similar perioperative outcomes to open thora-cotomy. Accumulated surgeons' experiences reduced minimally invasive surgery conversion rates and shortened surgical durations. Additionally, logistic regression identified squamous cell carcinoma, advanced preinduction N stage, preoperative tumor size >5 cm, advanced preoperative stage, and extended resection as independent risk factors for conversion. A nomogram was further established with good performance (area under curve value 1/4 0.804) and clinical utility to predict conversion probability preoperatively. Finally, minimally invasive surgery and open thoracotomy achieved comparable event-free survival and overall survival profiles. Conclusions: Minimally invasive surgery achieved improved perioperative outcomes and similar onco-logic efficacies to open thoracotomy. Moreover, minimally invasive surgery had an acceptable conversion rate, which would not compromise perioperative outcomes compared with open thoracotomy and could be effectively forecasted by a prediction model. (c) 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.