Uncorrected refractive error is the leading cause of vision impairment in children globally, and studies have demonstrated that spectacle correction addresses the large majority of childhood vision impairment. Furthermore, trial evidence illustrates the beneficial impact of spectacles on learning, with effect sizes exceeding that of other school health interventions. While it is established that good vision is important for learning and optimising childhood development and quality of life, many countries lack healthcare systems that provide vision screening or universal access to eyecare for all citizens. This review examined school vision screening across several regions/countries, focusing on conditions that should be targeted and the corresponding interventions. The range of international models, the status of global refractive service coverage and measures needed for improvement are discussed. Vision screening protocols need to effectively detect vision impairment, seamlessly connect with intervention services to deliver spectacles and signpost for future access to eyecare. Conditions which may not be treatable with spectacles alone, including amblyopia, strabismus and other ocular diseases, also warrant signposting for treatment. The vision community must unite to urge governments to invest in building service capacity; allocating the necessary resources and effectively developing public health systems to support vision screening and access to eyecare. Schools play a crucial role in enabling population-based vision screening and need to be supported with eyecare interventions and resources. This will ensure optimised approaches to correct avoidable vision loss and provide children with the educational and health outcomes they deserve.© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.