Purpose: To examine the relationship between major ocular diseases and mortality. Methods: The population-based longitudinal study Beijing Eye Study was performed in 2001 and repeated in 2011. The participants underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination at baseline in 2001. Results: Of 4439 subjects examined in 2001, 2695 (60.7%) subjects returned for the follow-up examination in 2011, while 379 (8.5%) subjects were dead and 1365 (30.8%) subjects were alive, however, did not agree to be re-examined. In multivariate regression analysis, mortality was significantly associated with the systemic parameters of older age (p < 0.001; Odds ratio (OR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.09), male gender (p < 0.001; OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.78), lower level of education (p < 0.001; OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.74) and smoking (p < 0.001; OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.36, 2.49) and with the ocular parameters of presence of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.002; OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.81), non-glaucomatous optic nerve damage (p = 0.001; OR: 4.90; 95% CI: 1.90, 12.7) and higher degree of nuclear cataract (p = 0.002; OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.52). In that model, mortality was not significantly (all p > 0.05) associated with refractive error, cortical or subcapsular posterior cataract, intraocular pressure, best corrected visual acuity, visual field defects, prevalence of age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. Conclusions: After adjustment for age, gender, level of education and smoking, mortality was significantly higher in subjects with diabetic retinopathy, non-glaucomatous optic nerve damage and nuclear cataract. Other major ophthalmic parameters and disorders such as hyperopia, myopia, high myopia, pterygium, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, glaucoma and cortical or nuclear cataract were not significantly associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis.