The aim of this study was to evaluate factors affecting the recurrence of positive RT-PCR results. By performing a retrospective analysis, we evaluated the clinical data of recurrent positive coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in multiple medical institutions in Wuhan. We recruited COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized from January 1 to March 10, 2020, in three tertiary hospitals in Wuhan, met the discharge criteria and received at least one additional nucleic acid test before leaving the hospital. According to the RT-PCR results, patients were split into a recurrent positive group (RPos group) and a nonrecurrent positive group (non-RPos group). Clinical characteristics, therapeutic schedules and antibody titers were compared between the two groups. AI-assisted chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) technology was applied to investigate pulmonary inflammatory exudation and compare the extent of lung areas with different densities. This study involved 122 COVID-19 patients. There were no significant differences in age, sex, preexisting diseases, clinical symptoms, clinical classification, course of disease, therapeutic schedules or serum-specific antibodies between the two groups. A higher proportion of patients who showed pulmonary inflammatory exudation on HRCT scans were recurrent positive at the time of discharge than other patients (81.6% vs 13.7%, P < 0.01). In addition, the degree of pulmonary fibrosis was higher in the RPos group than in the non-RPos group (P < 0.05). Subpleural exudation at the peripheral edge of the lung and extensive pulmonary fibrosis at the time of discharge represent risk factors for the recurrence of COVID-19.