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Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

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机构: [1]William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary Universityof London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [2]Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [3]Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health,801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA [4]Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [5]Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,PA, USA [6]Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA [7]VA Palo AltoHealth Care Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA [8]Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA [9]Departmentof Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA [10]Boston Children’s Hospital, EndocrinologyBoston, MA 02115, USA [11]Program in Medical and Population Genetics,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA [12]Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg,Regensburg, Germany [13]McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St.Louis, MO 63108, USA [14]Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,USA [15]Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [16]Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry,Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [17]Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA [18]Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA [19]Department of Surgery,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA [20]deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc.Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 102,Iceland [21]School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Sæmundargötu 2, Reykjavik 102, Iceland [22]Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, Reykjavik 101,Iceland [23]Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk‑Do,South Korea [24]Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan [25]Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [26]Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan [27]Departmentof Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan [28]Laboratoryfor Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan [29]Departmentof Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [30]Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [31]K.G.Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of PublicHealth and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway [32]MRC IntegrativeEpidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK [33]Clinic of Medicine, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway [34]Division of Medicineand Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway [35]Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE,University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland [36]Department of Public Health and Welfare, FinnishInstitute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland [37]Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics,University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [38]Center for Genetic Medicine,Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60618, USA [39]Department of Medicine (MedicalGenetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [40]Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s HospitalMedical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA [41]Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityMedical Center, Nashville, TN, USA [42]Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gonda Vascular Center, MayoClinic, Rochester, MN, USA [43]Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980‑8573, Japan [44]Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK [45]Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicineand Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK [46]Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Division of Public HealthSciences, Seattle, WA 9810, USA [47]Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215,USA [48]Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh,Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK [49]Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Nine, EdinburghBioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK [50]Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit,Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK [51]Medical Research CouncilPopulation Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK [52]Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan [53]Department of Population Medicine, QatarUniversity College of Medicine, QU Health, Doha, Qatar [54]Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA [55]Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [56]Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology,Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA [57]Department of Epidemiology,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [58]Sydney Brenner Institutefor Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa [59]Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK [60]Human Genetics Center, Departmentof Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of TexasHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA [61]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, ImperialCollege London, London W2 1PG, UK [62]Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West UniversityHealthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK [63]Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Sciencefor Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden [64]MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge Schoolof Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK [65]Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Healthand Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK [66]Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan [67]Department of InternalMedicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands [68]Department of BiologicalPsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [69]Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands [70]Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter,Exeter EX2 5DW, UK [71]Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China [72]Research Unitof Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health,Neuherberg, Germany [73]Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for EnvironmentalHealth, Neuherberg, Germany [74]Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY,UK [75]Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar [76]Department of Computerand Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt [77]Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School,University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK [78]Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National Universityof Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore [79]Center for Clinical Researchand Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [80]Department of Clinical Medicine,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [81]The Institute for TranslationalGenomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations(Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA [82]Center for Public Health Genomics,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA [83]Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departmentof Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [84]Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense MedicalCenter, Postbox 90048~700, Sanhsia Dist, New Taipei City 237101, Taiwan [85]William Harvey Research Institute, Bartsand The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre,Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [86]NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and TheLondon School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [87]Aragon Instituteof Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería,Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina, Spain [88]Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [89]Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK [90]Unit of Genomicsof Complex Diseases, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain [91]CardiovascularMedicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska UniversityHospital, Stockholm, Sweden [92]Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, LeidenUniversity Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [93]Istituto Di Ricerca Genetica E Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale DelleRicerche, Rome, Italy [94]Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Sardinia, Italy [95]UniversityCenter for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Rte de Berne 113, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland [96]SwissInstitute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [97]Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, LausanneUniversity Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland [98]Departmentof Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial CollegeLondon, London, UK [99]Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [100]Deptof Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [101]BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK [102]Institute for Cardiogenetics,University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel,University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck and Charité – University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie UniversitätBerlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences,Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin, Germany [103]Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik FürHerz- Und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany [104]Deutsches Zentrum FürHerz‑Kreislauf‑Forschung (DZHK) E.V.,Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany [105]Key Laboratoryof Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuwaiHospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union MedicalCollege, Beijing 100037, China [106]Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden [107]Instituteof Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria [108]GermanChronic Kidney Disease Study, Berlin, Germany [109]Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology,University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16‑18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany [110]LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases,University of Leipzig, Philipp‑Rosenthal‑Straße 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany [111]Radboud University Medical Center,Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [112]Quantinuum Research LLC, Wayne, PA 19087, USA [113]Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO,USA [114]Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [115]Institute for Biomedicine, EuracResearch, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy [116]Department of ClinicalBiochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark [117]Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine,University of Washington, Seattle 98101, USA [118]Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades,Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico [119]The CharlesBronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [120]Departmentof Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK [121]NIHR BiomedicalResearch Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK [122]Department of Cardiology, Universityof Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [123]Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences,University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK [124]Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London, 1‑19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK [125]Department of Surgery, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA [126]Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, AmsterdamPublic Health Research Institute, Amsterdam 1081HV, the Netherlands [127]Department of Cell and Chemical Biology,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands [128]Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal,5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, PQ H1T1C8, Canada [129]Icelandic Heart Association, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland [130]Departmentof Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada [131]Vth Departmentof Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany [132]SYNLAB MVZ HumangenetikMannheim GmbH, 68163 Mannheim, Germany [133]Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China [134]Biomedical Technology Research Center,Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd, Tokushima, Japan [135]School of Life Sciences, WestlakeUniversity, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China [136]Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou310024, Zhejiang, China [137]Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072,Australia [138]Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [139]Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands [140]Section of Statistical Multi‑Omics,Department of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK [141]Laboratory of Neurogenetics,National Institute On Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA [142]Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA [143]MRCHuman Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road,Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland [144]Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany [145]Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland [146]GenomicOncology Area, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer-University of Granada-AndalusianRegional Government, Granada, Spain [147]Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada,Spain [148]Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain [149]Department of Epidemiologyand Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan, China [150]Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore [151]Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate Schoolof Medicine, Nagoya 461‑8673, Japan [152]MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1‑19 Torrington Place,London WC1E 7HB, UK [153]Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology,Tampere University, Tampere, Finland [154]Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School,University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA [155]CONACYT, Instituto Nacional deCiencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico [156]Programs in Metabolism and Medicaland Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA [157]Departamento de MedicinaGenómica Y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico [158]Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de MedicinaGenómica, Mexico City, Mexico [159]Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [160]GenomicResearch On Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana,India [161]Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India [162]Epidemiology, School of PublicHealth, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA [163]Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle,Australia [164]Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,Seoul 03181, Korea [165]Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University,Seoul 06355, Korea [166]Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, SungkyunkwanUniversity School of Medicine, Seoul 04514, Korea [167]Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea [168]Centre for GlobalHealth Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland [169]Thurston ArthritisResearch Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [170]Duke‑NUS Medical School, Health Servicesand Systems Research, Singapore 169857, Singapore [171]Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine,Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA [172]Genomicsand Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110020, India [173]Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, UttarPradesh, India [174]Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center,Philips Van Leydenlaan 15, Nijmegen 6525 EX, the Netherlands [175]Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA [176]Department of Pediatrics, University of California SanFrancisco, Oakland, CA 94609, USA [177]National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 1628655, Japan [178]Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [179]Department of Biostatisticsand Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA [180]Department of CardiovascularSciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK [181]NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester,UK [182]Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing TongrenEye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 17 Hougou Lane, Chong Wen Men, Beijing 100005,China [183]Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang,Beijing 100730, Dong Cheng District, China [184]Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” - CNR,Naples, Italy [185]IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy [186]Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St [L]ouis, MO63110, USA [187]Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA [188]Departmentof Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA [189]Dept of Nephrology, University HospitalRegensburg, Regensburg, Germany [190]Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy [191]Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal,Germany [192]German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich‑Neuherberg, Germany [193]Department of Geneticsand Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait [194]Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Schoolof Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece [195]Department of Clinical Epidemiology,Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK [196]Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria [197]Institute for Medical Informatics, Statisticsand Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria [198]Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center,Charlestown, MA 02129, USA [199]Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOSof Sassari, Sassari, Italy [200]Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands [201]Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Universityof Turku, Turku, Finland [202]Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku,Finland [203]Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA [204]Divisionof Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA [205]Central Diagnostics Laboratory, DivisionLaboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, theNetherlands [206]Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute On Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD20892‑9205, USA [207]Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Sugarland, Houston, TX, USA [208]Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, Universityof Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany [209]Center for Research On Genomics and GlobalHealth, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 12 South Drive, Room 1025, Bethesda,MD 20892, USA [210]Oneomics.C.o.Ltd 2F, Soonchunhyang Mirai Medical Center 173, Buheuyng‑Ro, Bucheon‑SiGyeonggi‑Do 14585, Korea [211]Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Hospital of Southern Jutland,Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark [212]Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding,Denmark [213]Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon‑Do, Korea [214]Centrefor Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, SahlgrenskaAcademy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden [215]Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy,University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden [216]Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel,Germany [217]Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for EnvironmentalHealth, Neuherberg, Germany [218]Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Universityof Oxford, Oxford, UK [219]School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Universityof Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia [220]Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Endocrinologyand Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan [221]Schoolof Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [222]School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center,Taipei, Taiwan [223]Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung VeteransGeneral Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan [224]Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao TungUniversity, Taipei, Taiwan [225]Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada [226]Department of ClinicalChemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland [227]Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish CardiovascularResearch Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland [228]Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland [229]Departmentof Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, TampereUniversity, 33014 Tampere, Finland [230]University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia [231]Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Rønne,Denmark [232]Department of Epidemiology, Ryals School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Birmingham, AL, USA [233]Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University,Utrecht, the Netherlands [234]Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western ReserveUniversity, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA [235]Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, PaloAlto, CA 94305, USA [236]Division of Endocrinology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA [237]Departmentof Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA [238]School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GeorgeWashington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA [239]Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, PekingUniversity Health Science Center, Beijing, China [240]Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig,Paul‑List‑Strasse 13/15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany [241]Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NationalInstitute On Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 20892‑9205, USA [242]Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, NIH, Bethesda,MD, USA [243]Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA [244]Department of Clinical Physiology and NuclearMedicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland [245]Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, JichiMedical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke 329‑0498, Japan [246]Centre for Population Health Sciences, UsherInstitute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland [247]Department of Functional Pathology,Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 6938501, Japan [248]Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland [249]Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku,Finland [250]University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, HR‑21000 Split, Croatia [251]University of Leipzig MedicalCenter, Liebigstr.18, 04103 Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, RheumatologyLeipzig, Germany [252]Department of Nutrition‑Dietetics, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou, 17676 Athens, Greece [253]Departmentof Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 5650871, Japan [254]Department of Geriatricand General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 5650871, Japan [255]Department of VascularSurgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands [256]Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Saevit Eye Hospital, SeoulIlsan 03722,Korea [257]Dept of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, theNetherlands [258]Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile [259]Julius Centrefor Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands [260]SecondDepartment of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital,Athens, Greece [261]Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, Universityof Sydney, Hawkesbury Rd, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia [262]School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research,University of Tasmania, Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia [263]Centre for Eye Research Australia, Universityof Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia [264]Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital,33521 Tampere, Finland [265]Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center ‑ Tampere, Facultyof Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland [266]Centre Nutrition, Santé Et Société(NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Québec, Canada [267]Pennington Biomedical ResearchCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA [268]Discipline of Internal Medicine, Medical School, The University of WesternAustralia, Perth, WA, Australia [269]Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany [270]Institute of Clinical MolecularBiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany [271]Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg,Sweden [272]Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg,Sweden [273]Department of Internal Medicine, EwhaWomans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea [274]Divisionof Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232,USA [275]Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232,USA [276]Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National Universityof Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore [277]Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technologyand Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore [278]Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung HeeUniversity School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea [279]Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald,Greifswald, Germany [280]Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute On Aging IntramuralResearch Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA [281]AlgebraUniversity College, Ilica 242, Zagreb, Croatia [282]Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sportsand Exercise Medicine Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland [283]Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and EmotionRegulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands [284]Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy [285]Gottfried Schatz Research Centerfor Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria [286]Local Health Unit Toscana Centro,Florence, Italy [287]Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany [288]Department of Medicine,Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada Di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy [289]Department of Nephrology,, Traunstein Hospital, Diabetology, RheumatologyTraunstein, Germany [290]KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein,Germany [291]Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Columbia UniversityMedical Center, New York, NY, USA [292]Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, 75 M.Assias Street,115 27 Athens, Greece [293]Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, 124 61 Athens, Greece [294]Clinical Pharmacology, WilliamHarvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [295]Department of Ophthalmology,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Kutzerufer 1, 68167 Mannheim, Germany [296]Institute of Molecularand Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland [297]Privatpraxis Prof Jonas Und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany [298]Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,USA [299]Unidad de Biología Molecular Y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/ InstitutoNacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico [300]Departamento de Endocrinología YMetabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, 14080 Mexico, Mexico [301]Departmentof Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [302]Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA [303]USC–Office of PopulationStudies Foundation, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines [304]Department of Anthropology, Sociology,and History, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines [305]Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka [306]Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka [307]Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA [308]Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan [309]Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India [310]Department of Medicine, University of MississippiMedical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA [311]Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi MedicalCenter, Jackson, MS 39216, USA [312]Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden [313]Departmentof Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Khoo Teck Puat - NationalUniversity Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore [314]Departmentof Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [315]Injury Prevention Research Center, University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [316]Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [317]Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands [318]Departmentof Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea [319]Faculty of Healthand Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia [320]Division of Biostatistics, Washington University Schoolof Medicine, St.Louis, USA [321]Office of the Provost, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA [322]Departmentof Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA [323]Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), TheMedical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK [324]Department of Medicine,Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O.Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland [325]Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland [326]JSSAcademy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India [327]Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [328]Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA [329]InstitutoNacionalde Salud Publica Y Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Cuernavaca, Mexico [330]Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica YEnfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico [331]Human Genetics Center,School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA [332]Yong Loo LinSchool of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228,Singapore [333]Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, GeorgeWashington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA [334]Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830‑0011, Japan [335]Genetics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.,Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA [336]Population Health and Genomics, Universityof Dundee, Ninwells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK [337]Intramural Research Program, NationalInstitute On Aging, 3001 S.Hanover St.,Baltimore, MD 21225, USA [338]Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing TongrenEye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences KeyLaboratory, Beijing 100730, China [339]The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou MedicalUniversity, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China [340]Synlab Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim andAugsburg, Germany [341]Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz,Graz, Austria [342]Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland [343]Department of Biomedical DataSciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands [344]Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam 1081HV, the Netherlands [345]AmsterdamPublic Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam 1081HV, the Netherlands [346]Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam 1081HV, the Netherlands [347]Amsterdam Public HealthResearch Institute, Health Behaviours and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam 1081HV, the Netherlands [348]Corporal MichaelCrescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [349]Institute of Social and Economic Research, Universityof Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK [350]Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, IcahnSchool of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [351]Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington,Seattle, WA, USA [352]Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [353]Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark [354]Danish Aging ResearchCenter, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark [355]Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki,Helsinki, Finland [356]Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA [357]Center for Applied Genomics, Children’sHospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [358]Department of Pediatrics, The University of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [359]Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospitalof Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [360]School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen, China [361]Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for CardiovascularResearch), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany [362]NetherlandsHeart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands [363]Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA, USA [364]Department of Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA, USA [365]Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [366]Verve Therapeutics,Cambridge, MA, USA [367]Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine,University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland [368]Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu,Finland [369]Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland [370]Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, ItalianNational Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari, Italy [371]University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy [372]Department of ClinicalEpidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [373]Department of Public Health and PrimaryCare, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [374]Department of Internal Medicine, Divisionof Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [375]Einthoven Laboratory for ExperimentalVascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [376]Department of Human Genetics, LeidenUniversity Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands [377]Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, Universityof London, London SW17 0RE, UK [378]National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK [379]School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 7RH, UK [380]Department of Internal Medicine, NationalTaiwan University Hospital, No.7, Chung‑Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan [381]OCDEM, University of Oxford, ChurchillHospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK [382]NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK [383]OcularEpidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore [384]Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore169857, Singapore [385]Data Science, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore168751, Singapore [386]Medical School, University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK [387]Departmentof Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden [388]Framingham Heart Study,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA [389]Departmentof Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran [390]Department of Genetics,Shanghai‑MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai,Shanghai 201203, China [391]Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin,Germany [392]Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Munich,Germany [393]Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital,Kuopio, Finland [394]Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA [395]Stanford DiabetesResearch Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA [396]Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA [397]LeeKong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore [398]Imperial CollegeHealthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK [399]Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust,London W12 0HS, UK [400]MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK [401]School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa [402]Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA [403]Departmentof Biostatistics, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA [404]QIMRBerghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia [405]Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology,Faislabad, Pakistan [406]Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA [407]Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA [408]Big Data Institute,University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK [409]National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK [410]Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science,1:042 Polwarth Building Schoolof Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK [411]Divisionof Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK [412]Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA 17822, USA [413]School of Basic and MedicalBiosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK [414]Department of BiomedicalInformatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA [415]Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics)and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA [416]Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology,Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA [417]Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism,and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL60618, USA [418]Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA [419]Department of PublicHealth and Nursing, HUNT Research Centre, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger,Norway [420]Department of Research, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway [421]Departmentof Endocrinology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway [422]RIKEN Centerfor Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan [423]Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for IntegrativeMedical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan [424]Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biologyand Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan [425]Laboratoryfor Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan [426]Department of GenomeInformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan [427]Division of Molecular Pathology,Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan [428]Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland,Sæmundargötu 2, Reykjavik 102, Iceland [429]VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA [430]VA Informaticsand Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [431]University of Massachusetts,Boston, MA, USA [432]Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA [433]CorporalMichael J.Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA [434]Department of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA [435]Department of Medicine, Brigham Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,USA [436]Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA [437]Departments of Pediatricsand Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [438]Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centrefor Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester,Manchester, UK [439]Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [440]Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [441]CardiovascularResearch Center and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [442]PrincessAl-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [443]Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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关键词: Cholesterol Lipids Genetics Genome-wide association study GWAS

摘要:
Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery.To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3-5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism.Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.© 2022. The Author(s).

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基金编号: TrIC

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出版当年[2021]版:
大类 | 1 区 生物学
小类 | 1 区 生物工程与应用微生物 1 区 遗传学
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大类 | 1 区 生物学
小类 | 1 区 生物工程与应用微生物 1 区 遗传学
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出版当年[2020]版:
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY
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Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY

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第一作者机构: [1]William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary Universityof London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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通讯作者:
通讯机构: [2]Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [15]Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [443]Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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