The causal association of educational attainment (EA) with intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) or low back pain (LBP), and the mediating effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in this association, is not studied to date. In this study, using summary statistics of genome-wide association studies primarily conducted in the individuals of European ancestry, Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to investigate: (1) the total and direct effects of EA on IVDD and LBP, (2) bidirectional associations of EA with MetS or the components of MetS, (3) causal effects of MetS or its components on IVDD and LBP, and (4) mediating effects of MetS or its components on the causal associations of EA with IVDD and LBP. Univariable MR analysis demonstrated that genetically proxied EA was inversely associated with IVDD (ORIVW: 0.90; 95 % CI: 0.87-0.92) and LBP (ORIVW: 0.86; 95 % CI: 0.84-0.89). Consistent results were obtained after adjusting for potential confounders (cognition, economic level, smoking traits, and metabolic factors). Mediation analysis proved that the effect of EA on IVDD mediated by MetS, waist circumference, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 11.38 %, 9.22 %, and 2.17 %, respectively. Besides, MetS mediated 8.42 % and waist circumference mediated 5.81 % of the EA effects on LBP, respectively. Our findings provided support for MetS mediating the causal protective effects of EA on IVDD and LBP, which provided causal evidence to the etiology and intervention targets of IVDD and LBP.© 2024 The Authors.