Background/Aims: Chemotherapy is still the main strategy used to prevent the relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). As the most abundant stromal component in bone marrow (BM), marrow adipocytes have been previously shown to promote leukaemogenesis. The present study was designed to further validate whether marrow adipocytes exert synergistic effects on strengthening chemotherapeutic efficacy and evaluate the underlying mechanism. Methods: A retrospective study of BM biopsies from 80 patients with AML in remission and 71 control subjects was applied to quantitatively analyse the marrow adipocyte volume. Toxicity tests were used to assess the effect of chemotherapy drugs on BM cells. The possible mechanisms by which chemotherapy regulated the reduced marrow adipocyte content were investigated using antibody neutralization experiments, with an emphasis on growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Results: In our study, the marrow adipocyte content was obviously reduced in the AML-complete remission (CR) group compared with the control group (P<0.001). Moreover, patients with a reduced adipocyte content exhibited longer relapse-free survival (RFS) (P<0.001). We also confirmed that GDF15 was overexpressed in mononuclear cells (MNCs) after treatment with chemotherapy drugs and partially blocked mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) adipogenesis. Intriguingly, this inhibitory effect on adipogenesis was rescued by treatment with a neutralizing anti-GDF15 antibody. Conclusion: Chemotherapy indirectly inhibited adipogenesis by promoting GDF15 secretion from BM MNCs, subsequently strengthening the efficacy of consolidation chemotherapy in patients with AML during CR. (C) 2018 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel