Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable challenge in oncology, characterized by high recurrence rates and mortality. While temozolomide (TMZ) is the primary chemotherapeutic agent for GBM, its efficacy is limited. This study introduces a novel approach combining photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy using a mesoporous polydopamine nanocarrier with a unique bowl-like nanostructure, co-loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) and TMZ (MPDA@ICG/TMZ). Our in vitro experiments demonstrate that this innovative nanotherapeutic exhibits an impressive photothermal conversion efficiency (eta = 43.88%). The distinctive bowl-shaped morphology significantly enhances tumor cellular uptake compared to conventional mesoporous nanospheres. Moreover, hyperthermia induced by 808 nm laser irradiation amplifies TMZ's cytotoxicity, resulting in a mere 17.2% cell survival rate. Remarkably, MPDA@ICG/TMZ displays strong tumor-targeting capabilities in GBM-bearing nude Balb/C mice, leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. This targeting is distinctly visualized through fluorescent imaging in the second near-infrared window (1000-1700 nm). The combined treatment approach leads to complete tumor cell eradication both in vitro and in vivo under 808 nm laser illumination. This research underscores the potential of MPDA@ICG/TMZ as a powerful nanoplatform for combined chemotherapy and PTT in clinical applications, offering a promising new direction in GBM treatment.